Russian dialects
Russian dialects are spoken variants of the Russian language.
Territory
All the Russian dialects divided in two principal chronological and geographic groups:
- The dialects of the territory of the primary formation, which consist of "Old" Russia of the 16th century before Eastern conquests by Ivan IV) and roughly correlate with the modern Central and Northwestern Federal districts.
- The dialects of the territory of the second formation, where Russians settled after the 16th century.
Classification
1. Northern Russian
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2. Central Russian
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- Groups with okanye (Tver, Klin, Sergiev Posad, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Ivanovo, Murom, Nizhny Novgorod)
- Groups with akanye (Moscow, Kasimov, Temnikov)
3. Southern Russian
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- Western (Bryansk, Smolensk, southern parts of Pskov and Tver)
- Transitional group A (Mosalsk, Kozelsk, Zhizdra, Karachev, Sevsk, Rylsk)
- Central (Belgorod, Kursk, Oryol)
- Transitional group B (Serpukhov, Kolomna, Kaluga, Tula, Elets, Stary Oskol)
- Eastern (Lipetsk, Tambov, Ryazan, Voronezh).
Isoglosses
| Isogloss |
North
Russian |
South
Russian |
Standard
Russian |
| Unstressed /o/ |
/o/ |
/a~ɐ~ə~ɨ/ |
/ɐ~ə/ |
Unstressed /e/, /a/, /o/
after palatalized consonants |
/i/, /e/ |
/æ/ (pre-stressed),
/i/ |
/i/ |
| /ɡ/ |
/ɡ/ |
/ɣ/ |
/ɡ/ |
| /v/ |
/v/ |
/w~u̯/ |
/v/ |
| /f/ |
/f/ |
/x~xv~xw/ |
/f/ |
| Present 3 p. sg. & pl. |
/t/ |
/tʲ/ |
/t/ |
| Past 3 sg. musc. |
/v~w~u̯/[n 1] |
/l/ |
/l/ |
| Protetic /v~w~u̯/ |
no |
yes |
no[n 2] |
| Hardening of final soft labials |
no |
yes |
no |
- Notes
- ^ In the dialect of Vologda
- ^ Except for восемь "eight" and some other words
Vocabulary
Russian dialects usually preserve many archaic words and forms which were droped out of use or replaced with Church Slavonic counterparts. In North Russian there are about 200 words of Finno-Ugric origin.
References
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Russian dialects
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| Traditional |
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| Of small peoples |
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| Mixed |
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